Project Quality Management
Project Quality Management determines quality
policies, objectives, and responsibilities so that the project will satisfy the
needs for which it was undertaken.
Project Quality Management supports
continuous process improvement activities as undertaken on behalf of the
performing organization.
Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics
fulfill requirements.
Grade
is a category assigned to products or services having the same functional use
but different technical characteristics.
Precision means the value of repeated measurements are clustered
and have little scatter.
Accuracy means that the measured value is very close to the true
value.
Cost of quality refers to the total cost of all
efforts related to quality throughout the product life cycle.
Quality
Philosophies associated to:
W.
Edwards Deming
– PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act), Quality is a Management problem, Started the TQM
movement
Dr.
Joseph Juran
– 80/20 Principle, Fitness for Use, Quality & Grade
Phillip
Crosby
– Zero Defects, Quality is ‘Free’, Right’ the First Time, Prevention is the
‘Key’
Kaizen is a Japanese word that means gradual
continuous improvement.
The knowledge area of Project Quality Management consists of the following three processes:
Process Name
|
Project Management Process Group
|
Key Deliverables
|
Plan
Quality Management
|
Planning
|
Quality
Management Plan, Process Improvement Plan
|
Perform
Quality Assurance
|
Executing
|
Change
Requests
|
Perform
Quality Control
|
Monitoring
and Controlling
|
Validated
Deliverables, Validated Changes
|
Plan
Quality Management
is the process of identifying quality requirements and/or standards for the
project and its deliverables.
Quality planning must consider cost-benefit
tradeoffs by performing Cost-Benefit
Analysis.
Cost of quality includes all costs incurred
over the life of the product by investment in preventing non-conformance to
requirements, appraising the product or service for conformance to
requirements, and failing to meet requirements (rework).
Cost of
Conformance
– Money spent before or during project to avoid failures
Prevention Costs
Appraisal Costs
Cost of
non-conformance
– Money spent during and after the project because of failures
Internal
Failure Costs
External Failure Costs
Seven
Basic Quality Tools
Cause-and-effect diagrams, which are also known as fishbone diagrams
or as Ishikawa diagrams
Flowcharts, which are also referred to as process maps because they
display the sequence of steps and the branching possibilities that exist
Check sheets, which are also known as tally sheets and may be used as
a checklist when gathering data
Pareto diagrams exist as a special form of vertical bar
chart and are used to identify the vital few sources that are responsible for
causing most of a problem’s effects
Histograms are a special form of bar chart and are used to describe
the central tendency, dispersion, and shape of a statistical distribution
Control charts, are used to determine whether or not a
process is stable or has predictable performance
Scatter diagrams, plot ordered pairs (X, Y) and are sometimes
called correlation charts because they seek to explain a change in the
dependent variable
Benchmarking involves comparing
actual or planned project practices to those of comparable projects to identify
best practices.
Design
of experiments (DOE)
is a statistical method for identifying which factors may influence specific
variables of a product or process under development or in production.
Statistical
sampling
involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output
of Plan
Quality Management process are given below:
Project
Management Plan
|
Cost-Benefit
Analysis
|
Quality
Management Plan
|
Stakeholder
Register
|
Cost of Quality
|
Process
Improvement Plan
|
Risk Register
|
Seven Basic
Quality Tools
|
Quality Metrics
|
Requirements
Documentation
|
Benchmarking
|
Quality
Checklists
|
Enterprise
Environmental Factors
|
Design of
Experiments
|
Project Documents
updates
|
Organizational
Process Assets
|
Statistical
Sampling
|
|
Additional
quality planning tools
|
||
Meetings
|
Perform
Quality Assurance
is the process of auditing the quality requirements and the results from
quality control measurements to ensure that appropriate quality standards and
operational definitions are used.
The key benefit of this process is that it
facilitates the improvement of quality processes.
The quality
metrics provide the attributes that should be measured and the allowable
variations.
Seven
Quality Management and Control Tools
Affinity diagrams is similar to mind-mapping techniques
in that they are used to generate ideas that can be linked to form organized
patterns of thought about a problem.
Process decision program charts (PDPC) used to understand a
goal in relation to the steps for getting to the goal.
Interrelationship digraphs provide a process for
creative problem solving in moderately complex scenarios that possess
intertwined logical relationships for up to 50 relevant items.
Tree diagrams also known as systematic diagrams and
may be used to represent decomposition hierarchies such as the WBS, RBS (risk
breakdown structure), and OBS (organizational breakdown structure).
Prioritization matrices – Identify the key issues and the
suitable alternatives to be prioritized as a set of decisions for
implementation.
Activity network diagrams previously known as arrow diagrams.
They include both the AOA (Activity on Arrow) and, most commonly used, AON
(Activity on Node) formats of a network diagram.
Matrix diagrams used
to perform data analysis within the organizational structure created in the
matrix.
A quality audit is
a structured, independent process to determine if project activities comply
with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures.
Process
analysis
follows the steps outlined in the process improvement plan to identify needed
improvements.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output
of Perform
Quality Assurance process are given below:
Quality Management Plan
|
Quality Management and Control Tools
|
Change Requests
|
Process Improvement Plan
|
Quality audits
|
Project Management Plan Updates
|
Quality Metrics
|
Process analysis
|
Project Documents updates
|
Quality Control Measurements
|
Organizational Process Assets updates
|
|
Project Documents
|
Control
Quality
is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing the quality
activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes.
Control
Quality
should be performed throughout the project.
Prevention (keeping errors out of the process); Inspection (keeping
errors out of the hands of the customer)
Attribute sampling (result conforms, or it doesn't)
Variables sampling (the result is rated on a continuous
scale that measures the degree of conformity)
Statistical sampling (measures only a percentage of items
e.g. 5 out of every 100)
Special causes (unusual events)
Common or random causes (normal process variation)
Tolerances (the result is acceptable if it falls within range
specified by tolerance)
Control limits (the process is in control if the
result falls within the control limits)
A deliverable
is any unique and verifiable product, result, or capability that results in a
validated deliverable required by the project.
An inspection
is the examination of a work product to determine if it conforms to documented
standards.
Rule of Seven which is when 7 values in a row are
all below or all above the mean or increase/decrease in one direction.
Quality
control measurements
are the documented results of control quality activities.
The results of performing the Control Quality
process are verified deliverables.
Work
Performance Information is the performance data collected from various
controlling processes, analyzed in context and integrated based on
relationships across areas.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output
of Control
Quality process are given below:
Project
Management Plan
|
Seven Basic
Quality Tools
|
Quality Control
Measurements
|
Quality Metrics
|
Statistical
Sampling
|
Validated Changes
|
Quality
Checklists
|
Inspection
|
Validated
Deliverables
|
Work Performance
Data
|
Approved Change
Requests Review
|
Work Performance
Information
|
Approved Change
Requests
|
Change Requests
|
|
Deliverables
|
Project
Management Plan Updates
|
|
Project
Documents
|
Project Documents
updates
|
|
Organizational
Process Assets
|
Organizational
Process Assets updates
|
No comments:
Post a Comment